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You are here: Home / Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flight / WSC Powerplants / Exhaust Systems – Weight-Shift Control Aircraft

Exhaust Systems – Weight-Shift Control Aircraft

Filed Under: WSC Powerplants

Engine exhaust systems vent the burned combustion gases overboard, reduce engine noise, and (in the case of two-stroke engines) help keep the fresh fuel/oil/air mixture in the cylinders. An exhaust system has exhaust piping attached to the cylinders, as well as a muffler. The exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder and through the exhaust pipe system to the atmosphere.

Some exhaust systems have an exhaust gas temperature probe. This probe transmits an electric signal to an instrument in front of the pilot. This instrument reads the signal and provides the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the gases at the exhaust manifold. This temperature varies with power and with the mixture (ratio of fuel to air entering the cylinders), and is used to make sure the fuel/air mixture is within specifications. When there is a problem with carburetion, the EGT gauge will normally be the first notification for a pilot. [Figure 4-8]

Figure 4-8. Two-stroke tuned exhaust system with EGT probes installed where the exhaust enters the exhaust system.
Figure 4-8. Two-stroke tuned exhaust system with EGT probes installed where the exhaust enters the exhaust system.

Two-Stroke Tuned Exhaust Systems

In two-stroke engines, the exhaust system increases the fuel economy and power of the engine. The two-stroke exhaust system is an integral part of any two-stroke engine design, often controlling peak power output, the torque curve, and even the revolutions per minute (RPM) limit of the engine.

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The exhaust system must be tuned to produce a back pressure wave at the exhaust port to act as an exhaust valve as shown in Figure 4-6E. When hot spent gases are vented out of the exhaust port, they are moving fast enough to set up a high-pressure wave. The momentum of that wave down the exhaust pipe diffuser lowers the pressure behind it. That low pressure is used to help suck out all of the residual, hot, burnt gas from the power stroke and at the same time help pull a fresh fuel/air charge into the cylinder. This is called scavenging and is an important function of a tuned two-stroke exhaust system. [Figure 4-6H]

Figure 4-6. Piston ported inlet cycles for a two-stroke engine.
Figure 4-6. Piston ported inlet cycles for a two-stroke engine.

The design of the exhaust converging section causes a returning pressure wave to push the fresh fuel/air charge back into the exhaust port before the cylinder closes off that port. Called pulse charging, it is another important function of the exhaust system. [Figure 4-6E]

Tuned exhaust systems are typically tuned to a particular rpm range. The more a certain rpm range is emphasized, the less effective the engine will operate at other rpm. Vehicles like motorcycles take advantage of this with the use of transmissions. Motorcycle exhaust pipe builders can optimize a certain rpm range and then the driver shifts gears to stay in that range. Aircraft, with no transmission, do not have this ability. On an aircraft, an exhaust pipe has to be designed to operate over a broad range of rpm from idle to full speed, a reason that simply putting a snowmobile engine on a WSC does not work well.

Overall, the two-stroke exhaust system for a WSC aircraft is a specific design and must be matched to the engine to operate properly and obtain the rated power. It also reduces noise and directs the exhaust to an appropriate location. Exhaust silencers can be added to reduce noise, but additional weight, cost, and slight power reduction are the byproducts.

Four-Stroke Engine Exhaust Systems

Four-stroke engines are not as sensitive as two-stroke engines because they have exhaust valves and, therefore, do not need the precision pulse tuned exhaust system. However, directing the exhaust out appropriately and reducing the noise are important considerations. Again, using the manufacturer’s recommended configurations is required for S-LSA and recommended for Experimental Light-Sport Aircraft (E-LSA).

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